It is different from pseudophakic accommodation, which is the dynamic change in the refractive state of the eye because of the forward movement of the IOL–bag complex ( 10, 11). It occurs due to the static optical properties, such as pupil size, astigmatism, and wavefront aberrations of cornea and the intraocular lens (IOL) that do not depend on ciliary muscle actions, of the pseudo-phakic eye. Pseudo-Accommodation is defined as an increased depth-of-focus in the pseudo-phakic eye. It can be distinguished from a true abduction deficit via doll’s head maneuver or by patching one eye for a short time ( 4- 9). The main causes of this pathology are myasthenia gravis, thyroid eye disease, Duane’s retraction syndrome, medial orbital wall fracture, longstanding esotropia, and convergence spasm. Pseudo-abducens palsy is likely to be caused by supranuclear or thalamic pathology and does not present with typical infra-nuclear abducens palsy findings. The intact VOR shows the integrity of the infra-nuclear abducens nerve. It can be manifested during voluntary eye movements with the impairment of lateral gaze and full abduction in the vestibular–ocular reflex (VOR) testing, the lack of ipsilateral esotropia in the primary gaze, and adduction nystagmus of the contralateral eye if the weakly abducting eye is used for fixation. Pseudo-Abducens palsy/Pseudo-Sixth cranial nerve palsy/Pseudo-Abduction deficit (thalamic esotropia) is a neurologic restriction in abduction with an intact abducens nerve. Here, the objective of this review is to summarize common ‘‘pseudo’’ conditions or phenomena that are mentioned or present in the ophthalmological literature, their respective common causes, and their distinguishing features from true ones in an alphabetical order. Major databases such as PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Google Scholar, OVID, EBSCO, and Cochrane Library were searched for the abovementioned information. The keywords that were searched in the title and abstract included the following terms: (pseudo-), (fake), (false), (mimicker), (simulator), (maquerade), AND (condition) AND (causes) AND (ophthalmology) OR (eye) OR (ocular) OR (ophthalmic) OR(cornea) OR (retina) OR (strabismus) OR (glaucoma). The literature search was conducted on Medical Subject Headings website and restricted to only English language. On this topic, only a slide presentation was detected in a web search ( 3). In the search of databases, such as PubMed or Google Scholar, there is no article on pseudo-conditions found in ophthalmology that is published in a scientific journal. It means “lying, false, fake, simulation, imitation or spurious’’ ( 1, 2). The term “pseudo’’ is a prefix that is derived from the word “pseudes’’ in Greek language. We believe that the knowledge of these pseudo-conditions will provide significant benefits in the differential diagnosis of various ophthalmic disorders. The objective of this review is to summarize common ‘‘pseudo’’ conditions in ophthalmology and their respective common causes. The major databases such as PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Google Scholar, OVID, EBSCO, and Cochrane Library were searched or investigated for information. The search was restricted to English language. Practical neurology (2nd edition).The term “pseudo’’ refers to ‘’lying, false, fake, simulation, imitation or spurious.’’ In ophthalmological literature, there are many diseases/conditions/signs/phenomena that are considered as “pseudo.” A literature search was conducted on the Medical Subject Headings website, and the keywords that were searched in the title and abstract were as follows: (pseudo-), (fake), (false), (mimicker), (simulator), (masquerade), AND (condition) AND(causes) AND (ophthalmology)OR (eye) OR (ocular) OR (ophthalmic) OR (cornea) OR (retina) OR (strabismus) OR (glaucoma). Approach to the patient with abnormal pupils. Parinaud’s syndrome (dorsal rostral midbrain syndrome): due to a lesion at the level of the posterior commissure, and character- ized by vertical gaze palsy, lid retraction (Collier’s sign) or ptosis, and large regular pupils responding to accommodation but not light.Holmes-Adie pupil: dilated pupil showing strong but slow reaction to accommodation but minimal reaction to light (tonic > phasic).Argyll Robertson pupil: small irregular pupils with reduced reaction to light, typically seen in neurosyphilis the absence of miosis and/or pupillary irregularity has been referred to as pseudo-Argyll Robertson pupil, which may occur with sarcoidosis, diabetes, and aberrant regeneration of the oculomotor (III) nerve.This dissociation may be seen in a variety of clinical circumstances: Light-near pupillary dissociation refers to the loss of pupillary light reflexes, while the convergence-accommodation reaction is preserved (see Pupillary Reflexes). Light-Near (Pupillary) Dissociation (LND)
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